Advanced 3.5 GHz Microstrip Array Antenna Technology for IoT Integration and Satellite Communications in Floating Photovoltaic Energy Systems

Irfan Mujahidin; Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang; Siti Hasanah; Rizkha Ajeng Rochmatika; Roni Apriantoro

doi:10.53893/ijrvocas.v6i2.540

Authors

Irfan Mujahidin Politeknik Negeri Semarang
Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang Politeknik Negeri Semarang
Siti Hasanah Politeknik Negeri Semarang
Rizkha Ajeng Rochmatika Politeknik Negeri Semarang
Roni Apriantoro Politeknik Negeri Semarang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v6i2.540

Keywords:

Microstrip Array Antenna, Floating Photovoltaic (FPV), Internet of Things (IoT), Satellite Communications, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), Sub-6 GHz Communication, Renewable Energy

Abstract

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems provide an effective approach to expanding renewable-energy generation without increasing pressure on land resources. However, remote FPV installations often face limitations in communication infrastructure, making continuous monitoring and supervisory control challenges. This study develops a 3.5 GHz 4 × 2 microstrip array antenna to support Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring and satellite-oriented communication for a 20 kWp FPV system at Rawa Pening, Indonesia. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate and optimized using CST Studio Suite by refining the patch geometry, feed network, and element configuration. Simulation results showed resonance at 3.502 GHz, with a return loss of −36.70 dB, VSWR of 1.13, gain of 12.96 dBi, and directivity of 15.26 dBi. Prototype measurements confirmed operation at 3.5 GHz, achieving a return loss of −13.799 dB and a VSWR of 1.513, while radiation-pattern measurements demonstrated directional characteristics suitable for long-range wireless communication. The results indicate that the proposed antenna offers a compact and practical solution for transmitting FPV operational and environmental data in locations with limited terrestrial communication infrastructure. This design provides a promising foundation for reliable FPV telemetry, remote supervision, and future hybrid terrestrial–satellite communication systems.

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