Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Nanoparticles from Coal Fly Ash Using Ultrasonication as a Battery Anode
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v4i2.282Keywords:
battery anode, characterization, fly ash, silicon nanoparticles, ultrasonicationAbstract
Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, is rich in silica, alumina, and other minerals, making it a valuable resource for extracting high-purity silicon. The synthesis of silicon nanoparticles from coal fly ash involves several critical steps, including the extraction of silica (SiO2) via the sol-gel method, reduction of silica to silicon using the metallothermic method, and subsequent ultrasonication to achieve nanoscale particles. Studies have shown that fly ash can contain up to 49.21% silica, which can be further purified to 93.52% via chemical extraction methods such as acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The reduction of silica to silicon is carried out using the metallothermic method, which involves the use of magnesium-reducing agents to convert SiO2 to elemental silicon. This process produces silicon with a purity of about 61.3%, which can be further increased through ultrasonication. Ultrasonication is a technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to break particles into smaller sizes, resulting in more uniform and homogeneous nanoparticles. In this study, ultrasonication for 60 and 120 min reduced the average particle size of silicon from 208.94 nm to 58.87 nm and 20.13 nm, respectively, and increased the silicon content to 74.6% and 72.7%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and distribution particle analyses confirmed the particle size reduction and homogeneity of silicon nanoparticles, indicating the effectiveness of ultrasonication in producing high-quality silicon nanoparticles. The synthesized silicon nanoparticles have significant potential applications, particularly as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, due to their increased surface area and improved electrochemical properties. Furthermore, the use of fly ash as a raw material for the synthesis of silicon nanoparticles not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional silica sources but also helps in reducing the environmental impact of fly ash disposal. The integration of the methods and findings of this study underscores the feasibility and benefits of using coal fly ash for the sustainable production of silicon nanoparticles, which can be utilized in energy storage as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.
References
H. Koshlak, “Synthesis of Zeolites from Coal Fly Ash Using Alkaline Fusion and Its Applications in Removing Heavy Metals,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 13, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16134837.
K. M. Zierold and C. Odoh, “A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants: chemical composition, regulations, and health evidence,” Rev Environ Health, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 401–418, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0039.
T. M. A. Mokgehie, W. M. Gitari, and N. T. Tavengwa, “Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolites Produced by Ultrasonication of Coal Fly Ash/NaOH Slurry Filtrates,” South African Journal of Chemistry, vol. 73, 2020, doi: 10.17159/0379-4350/2020/v73a10.
K. Karmaili et al., “Chemical Composition Study of Coal Ash Content as Potential,” Konversi, vol. 12, no. 2, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.20527/k.v12i2.16592.
S. Kamara, E. H. Foday Jr, and W. Wang, “A Review on the Utilization and Environmental Concerns of Coal Fly Ash,” American Journal of Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 53–65, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.54536/ajcp.v2i2.1609.
V. K. Yadav and P. R. Pandita, “Fly Ash Properties and Their Applications as a Soil Ameliorant,” 2019, pp. 59–89. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7940-3.ch005.
B. K. Shukla, A. Gupta, S. Gowda, and Y. Srivastav, “Constructing a greener future: A comprehensive review on the sustainable use of fly ash in the construction industry and beyond,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 93, pp. 257–264, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.179.
Y. Bow, A. Hasan, R. Rusdianasari, Z. Zakaria, B. Irawan, and N. Sandika, “Biodiesel from Pyrolysis Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) using Fly Ash as a Catalyst,” Proceedings of the 5th FIRST T1 T2 2021 International Conference (FIRST-T1-T2 2021), 9, 175-181. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahe.k.220205.030.
A. Xing, J. Zhang, R. Wang, J. Wang, and X. Liu, “Fly ashes as a sustainable source for nanostructured Si anodes in lithium-ion batteries,” SN Appl Sci, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 181, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-0196-y.
T. Kim and J. Lee, “Silicon nanoparticles: fabrication, characterization, application and perspectives,” Micro and Nano Systems Letters, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 18, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s40486-023-00184-9.
T. Sujati, T. Dewi, and R. Rusdianasari, “Charging System Design of a Solar Powered Mobile Manipulator,” in Proceedings - IEIT 2021: 1st International Conference on Electrical and Information Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Sep. 2021, pp. 179–184. doi: 10.1109/IEIT53149.2021.9587401.
J. Lee, G. Oh, H.-Y. Jung, and J.-Y. Hwang, “Silicon Anode: A Perspective on Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Battery,” Inorganics (Basel), vol. 11, no. 5, p. 182, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/inorganics11050182.
M. K. Majeed et al., “Silicon-based anode materials for lithium batteries: recent progress, new trends, and future perspectives,” Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 221–253, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1080/10408436.2023.2169658.
A. Taqwa and Y. Bow, “Monitoring Depth of Discharge of a Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery in a Standalone PV System,” 2021. 4th Forum in Research, Science, and Technology, 233-237.
N. Joudeh and D. Linke, “Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists,” J Nanobiotechnology, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 262, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8.
Y. Khan et al., “Classification, Synthetic, and Characterization Approaches to Nanoparticles, and Their Applications in Various Fields of Nanotechnology: A Review,” Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1386, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/catal12111386.
H. Lu et al., “Modular and Integrated Systems for Nanoparticle and Microparticle Synthesis—A Review,” Biosensors (Basel), vol. 10, no. 11, p. 165, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.3390/bios10110165.
G. Yang et al., “Understanding the relationship between particle size and ultrasonic treatment during the synthesis of metal nanoparticles,” Ultrason Sonochem, vol. 73, p. 105497, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105497.
D. Dhaneswara, J. F. Fatriansyah, F. W. Situmorang, and A. N. Haqoh, “Synthesis of Amorphous Silica from Rice Husk Ash: Comparing HCl and CH3COOH Acidification Methods and Various Alkaline Concentrations,” International Journal of Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 200–208, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3335.
Q.-W. Zhang, L.-G. Lin, and W.-C. Ye, “Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review,” Chin Med, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 20, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x.
Y. Tan, T. Jiang, and G. Z. Chen, “Mechanisms and Product Options of Magnesiothermic Reduction of Silica to Silicon for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications,” Front Energy Res, vol. 9, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.651386.
D. Kumar and M. Johari, “Characteristics of silicon crystal, its covalent bonding and their structure, electrical properties, uses,” 2020, p. 040037. doi: 10.1063/5.0003505.
X. Yang and Q. Zhan, “Investigation on the electrical and optical properties of forsterite Mg2SiO4 under pressure up to 30 GPa,” Mol Simul, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 805–811, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1714611.
A. Raza, S. Y. Kim, J. Choi, J. Kim, M. Park, and S. Lee, “Crystallinity‐controlled SiOx anode material prepared through a salt‐assisted magnesiothermic reduction for lithium‐ion batteries,” Int J Energy Res, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 18269–18277, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1002/er.8443.
A. Ulvestad et al., “Crystallinity of Silicon Nanoparticles: Direct Influence on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Ion Battery Anodes,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 7, no. 21, pp. 4349–4353, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1002/celc.202001108.
A. Pratap-Singh, Y. Guo, S. Lara Ochoa, F. Fathordoobady, and A. Singh, “Optimal ultrasonication process time remains constant for a specific nanoemulsion size reduction system,” Sci Rep, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 9241, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87642-9.
J. A. Morton et al., “Dual frequency ultrasonic cavitation in various liquids: High-speed imaging and acoustic pressure measurements,” Physics of Fluids, vol. 35, no. 1, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1063/5.0136469.
K. Bauckhage, “Atomization of Liquids with Widely Differing Material Properties by Ultrasonic Standing-Waves,” in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2023, pp. 601–608. doi: 10.1615/ICLASS-97.740.
S. S. Sabnis, R. Raikar, and P. R. Gogate, “Evaluation of different cavitational reactors for size reduction of DADPS,” Ultrason Sonochem, vol. 69, p. 105276, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105276.
N. Rofiqoh et al., “Effect of Sonication Time and Particle Size for Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticle from Local Iron Sand,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341735837
L. Bläubaum, F. Röder, C. Nowak, H. S. Chan, A. Kwade, and U. Krewer, “Impact of Particle Size Distribution on Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 7, no. 23, pp. 4755–4766, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1002/celc.202001249.
J. Müller, P. Michalowski, and A. Kwade, “Impact of Silicon Content and Particle Size in Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes on Particulate Properties and Electrochemical Performance,” Batteries, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 377, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/batteries9070377.
F. Wu et al., “Benchmarking the Effect of Particle Size on Silicon Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries,” Small, vol. 19, no. 42, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1002/smll.202301301.
S. Yi et al., “Insights into the Effect of SiO Particle Size on the Electrochemical Performance between Half and Full Cells for Li-Ion Batteries,” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 24377–24386, May 2023, doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c01418.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Robiansyah, Yohandri Bow, Tresna Dewi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
